The study of nitrates and inorganic elements compositions contents in types of genus Carduus l. Herbs and extracts

By ionometric and atomic emission spectroscopy methods has been used for research. The contents of nitrates and 15 inorganic elements has been determined in groves of genus Carduus L. herbs and extracts. The herbs of Сarduus nutans L. genus: Сarduus nutans L., Carduus acanthoides L. species are perspective for use as hepatoactive, hepatoprotective and antioxidant drugs. The content of nitrates in flowers (leaves) of Сarduus L. genus: Carduus nutans L. (mg/1000 g), up to 180.90 ± 15.33 (220.14±18.33); Carduus acanthoides L. (mg/1000 g), up to 188.86 ± 15.67 (228.30 ± 20.72) has been determined. The herbs of Carduus nutans L., Carduus acanthoides L. are contented of macroand microinorganic elements (К, Са, Mg, Fe) in sufficiently high concentrations; the inorganic element (Sr) in chronic values; the inorganic elements (Pb, Co, Cd, As, Hg) in significant concentrations. The contents of nitrates in lyophilized water extracts of herbs of Carduus nutans L., Carduus acanthoides L. up to 27.0-31.5 %; inorganic elements up to 10.5-11.0 % has been determined.


INTRODUCTION
The Carduus L. genus of Asteraceae family counts to 120 species in native flora of Europe, Asia, North Africa, North America and Canada, China, Argentina, Australia, New Zealand and other countries [5,8,9,15,16].
Up to 30 species of Carduus L. genus are grows in Ukraine.The most widespread species it is been Carduus nutans L. and Carduus acanthoides L. They sprout as ruderal plants in steppes of east and western Ukraine up to left-bank of Polesya (Palsy), in Crimea, South and central regions.They mainly grows on open muddy places, pastures, sides of roads, steppe hills, lime stones, black earth soils [8].
For the first time a chemical composition of flowers and leaves of Carduus nutans L. genus species had been studies: flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, organic acids, amino acids, coumarins, mineral elements, essential oils, sesquiterpenoids lactones have been quantified [5, 13,14].
There is infusion (1:10) of species of Carduus L. genus in modern medicine of many countries of the world is applied.Infusion is appointed for treatment of diseases of gastrointestinal tract, hepatoprotective and antioxidant medicinal means.Also a water extract with roots shows scolative, antioxidant and anti epilepsy actions.The normalizing operating is set on functioning of liver, especially at viral, chemical and mechanical damages [5,11,13].
For treatment and prophylaxis of diseases of liver apply a phylogenetic near type Carduus marianus L. of Carduoideae Kitam.subfamily and drugs from the herbal raw materials.
Pharmacological studies undertaken, that lyophilized water extracts from the herbs Carduus nutans L., Carduus acanthoides L. species on the laboratory setting "Chris Alpha 1-2 LD plus (Germany)" expose an hepatoactive, hepatoprotective and antioxidant actions.
The biological activity did not yield to basic drugs from the herb of Carduus marianus L. specie.They are less toxic and well carried by laboratory animals at the protracted application.
The most widespread species Carduus nutans L. and Carduus acanthoides L. are perspective for a purveyance and receipt of modern medicinal means.
The species of genus Carduus L. sprout in unfavorable terms and accumulate toxic pollutants from an environment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A research object were flowers and leaves procured in the different regions of Ukraine in the period of flowering (may-september) (DFU, Vol. 1, add.1.2.) [4].Drying was conducted in a drying chamber during 15 hours.
An analysis was conducted by physical and physical-chemical methods.
The nitrates identified on a reaction with a diphenylamine in the concentrated sulphuric acid.
The quantitave contain of nitrates was conducted by a ionometric on a device EV-74 (Belarus) with nitrate-selective electrode of type EI-NO 3 -(an electrode of comparison is a chlorine-silver) [7].
The quantities contain of nitrates was expected on the gouge chart of standard solution of potassium of nitrate in a solution 1 % of KAl(SO 4 ) 2 × 12Н 2 О.
Authentication and quantitative determination of element composition contain of the investigated herbal raw materials (lyophilized water extracts) was conducted by the method of atomic-emission analysis on the spectrometer of DFC-8 with the sprayer of IBC-28 at characteristic long waves [1,2,12].
Hinge-plate of the herbal raw materials (lyophilized water extracts) 0.3 g was dispergated, was entered in a quartz cups, added 10 ml solution of sulphuric acid 5 %, dried out (t = 105 °C) to permanent mass.
The quartz cups was entered in a muffle stove up to 5 hours (t = 500 °C), cooled, weighed.Was dissolved in the diluted sulphuric acid, entered in the electro termical analyzer of device.
The atomization of tests was conducted on the graphite electrodes of device in the digit of arc of altemating current (I = 16 A, U = 220 v, t = 60 sec).
In parallel was conducted measuring of solution of comparing to the analogical reagents.The results were treated by the method of mathematical statistics with the use of license program "Statistica 6.0 for Windows" (Stat.Soft.Inc., No. AXXR712D833214FANS).
Аuthenticity of differences sizes of concentrations was estimated on the t-criterion of Student (p > 95%) [2, 3].
The results of researches is driven to the Tab. 1, 2.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The accumulation of nitrates in the leaves of Carduus nutans L., Carduus acanthoides L. species were higher than in flowers.It is not between with the species of Carduus L. genus differences.
Formation of general ask is insignificant higher in a herb of Carduus nutans L. (mg/100 g) (up to 7.88 ± 0.72), than in a herb of Carduus acanthoides L. (mg/100 g) (up to 7.88 ± 0.72), that is may be related to the different level of accumulation of inorganic elements.CONCLUSIONS 1.By ionometric method in a herbal raw materials of Carduus nutans L., Carduus acanthoides L. species in the period of flowering were contented the nitrates, considerably higher in leaves (111.55 ± 9.34-228.20 ± 20.72 (mg/kg)), than in flowers (80.13 ± 7.34-188.86± 15.67(mg/kg)).The passing of nitrates in lyophilized water extracts up to 27.0-31.5%. 2. By atomic emission spectroscopy method in flowers and leaves of Carduus nutans L., Carduus acanthoides L. species in the period of flowering were contented the 15 inorganic elements, from that 10 essential macro-and micro-inorganic elements in sufficiently high concentrations, 6 toxically inorganic elements (Pb, Cd, Co, Hg, As,) were contented (< 0.01-0.03mg/100 g),the inorganic element (Sr) in chronic values (0.95 ± 0.09-2.21± 0.02 mg/100 g). 3. Herbal raw materials, related to ruderal, it is necessary to store in according to the ratified requirements for prevention of contamination toxic nitrates and inorganic elements.4. High content level of nitrates and inorganic elements in the investigated herbal raw materials and water lyophilized extracts testifies to the necessity of determination of these substances.